Start With Definitions * Normal: <120 / <80 mmHg * Elevated: 120-129 / <80 mmHg * Stage 1 HTN: 130-139 / 80–89 mmHg * Stage 2 HTN: ≥140 / ≥90 mmHg But in the ED, the key terms are: * Hypertensive Urgency: Severe BP elevation (≥180/≥120) without acute target-organ damage. * Hypertensive Emergency: Severe BP

Pericardial Effusion * Definition: Accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac * Can be: Small or large, acute or chronic * Causes: * Infection (viral, TB) * Malignancy * Uremia * Autoimmune (SLE, RA) * Trauma * Post-MI (Dressler syndrome) * Symptoms: * Often asymptomatic if fluid accumulates slowly * May have chest discomfort, dyspnea * Physical Exam: * Muffled heart sounds * Dullness to

Patients with risk factors for coronary artery disease -including type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and a family history of myocardial infarction in a first-degree relative- who develop new symptoms such as angina or exertional dyspnea should be evaluated for obstructive coronary disease. The primary method for this assessment is a

* 1 SMALL square (1mm) = 0.04 sec (40ms) * 5 SMALL squares (5mm) = 1 LARGE square = 0.2 sec Blocks 1st Degree * P and Q prolonged (>0.2ms = one large square) 2nd Degree Type I * P and Q get further and further away until QRS drops then resets Type II

Sounds TPAM S1 - Closing of the mitral and tricuspid valves just after the beginning of systole S2 - Low-pitched sound caused by the closing of the aortic (A2) and pulmonic (P2) valves at the beginning of diastole S3- Rapid filling of the ventricles during early diastole, when blood enters