Stress Incontinence * Cause: Weak pelvic floor muscles → urethral hypermobility * Triggers: Coughing, sneezing, laughing, physical activity * Common in: Women post-vaginal delivery, menopause * Leak with: ↑ Intra-abdominal pressure * Tx: * First-line: Pelvic floor exercises (Kegels) * Pessary * Surgical: Midurethral sling Urge Incontinence (Overactive Bladder) * Cause: Detrusor overactivity * Symptoms: Sudden urge to void + involuntary leakage * Triggers:

Renovascular hypertension is a form of secondary high blood pressure caused by narrowed renal (kidney) arteries. This condition can affect one kidney (unilateral) or both kidneys (bilateral). On auscultation, you are able to appreciate a bruit. How Kidney Size Changes with Arterial Narrowing When renovascular hypertension is unilateral, you'