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Common Types of Anemia

Common Types of Anemia

Understanding RBC Morphology Normocytic and normochromic refer to normal erythrocytes (RBCs). The suffix "-cytic" refers to cell size, while "-chromic" indicates color intensity. Size Classification (Cytic) * Macrocytic: Large cells, typically associated with folate/B12 deficiency * Microcytic: Small cells, typically associated with iron deficiency Color Classification (Chromic)

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)

CAH is a group of autosomal recessive disorders affecting cortisol biosynthesis in the adrenal cortex * Most common: 21-hydroxylase deficiency (→ ~90% of cases) * Gene: CYP21A2 HormoneLevelCortisol↓ACTH ↑ due to lack of negative feedbackAldosterone↓Salt wastingAndrogens↑Virilization Clinical Presentation Presents in neonatal period * Girls: * Ambiguous genitalia (clitoromegaly, labioscrotal fusion) * Boys: * Normal genitalia

Intracranial Hemorrhages (ICH)

Intracranial Hemorrhages (ICH)

Epidural Hematoma (EDH) * What It Is: * Bleeding between the skull and dura mater * Cause: * Rupture of the middle meningeal artery (often due to temporal bone fracture) * Clinical Presentation: * Brief loss of consciousness → lucid interval → rapid deterioration * Headache, vomiting, focal deficits, signs of increased ICP (e.g. blown pupil) * Imaging: * Biconvex

The most common cause of pneumonia for each age group

The most common cause of pneumonia for each age group

Age Bacteria Viruses Neonates -Group B streptococci -Escherichia coli -Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) Infants -Streptococcus pneumoniae -Chlamydia trachomatis -RSV -Parainfluenza virus Children -S. pneumoniae -Haemophilus influenzae -RSV -Parainfluenza virus Young adults -S. pneumoniae -Mycoplasma pneumoniae -Chlamydophila pneumoniae -Various respiratory viruses (e.g., adenovirus) Older adults -S. pneumoniae -H. influenzae -Legionella

Primary Immunodeficiencies

Primary Immunodeficiencies

B-Cell Selective IgA Deficiency * Most common primary immunodeficiency * Defect: B-cells fail to produce IgA * Presentation: * Asymptomatic (often) * Recurrent mucosal infections: sinopulmonary, GI (Giardia) * Anaphylaxis to blood products (anti-IgA antibodies) * ↑ risk of celiac disease, autoimmune disorders * Labs: ↓ IgA only, normal IgG/IgM * Treatment: Supportive; avoid IVIG (contains IgA, can trigger anaphylaxis)

Nephotic vs Nephritic disease

Nephotic vs Nephritic disease

Kidney diseases can present in a variety of ways, but two of the most commonly encountered syndromes in clinical practice are nephrotic syndrome and nephritic syndrome. Though they may sound similar, they are distinct entities with different causes, clinical features, and treatment approaches. What Are Nephrotic and Nephritic Syndromes? Nephrotic

Thalassemia

Thalassemia is a hereditary blood disorder characterized by decreased synthesis of globin chains, the protein components that make up hemoglobin. Normal Hemoglobin Structure Normal adult hemoglobin (HbA) consists of two alpha and two beta globin chains. The genes responsible for producing these chains include: * Four alpha globin alleles (two copies

Neonatal Jaundice

Neonatal Jaundice

Neonatal jaundice is defined as an increase in bilirubin concentration greater than 5 mg/dL. This condition occurs due to either an increased rate of hemolysis (breakdown of red blood cells) or decreased bilirubin conjugation and excretion by the liver. Physiological vs. Pathological Jaundice Physiological Jaundice Physiological jaundice is considered

Neurofibromatosis

Neurofibromatosis

Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) This is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in the NF1 tumor suppressor gene located on chromosome 17. It presents with several characteristic features: * Cutaneous neurofibromas - benign neoplasms derived from neural crest cells that appear as soft, skin-colored growths * Café-au-lait spots - hyperpigmented flat

Nephroblastoma (Wilms Tumor)

Nephroblastoma (Wilms Tumor)

Nephroblastoma, also known as Wilms tumor, is the most common pediatric renal malignancy. It is primarily caused by mutations in the tumor suppressor gene WT1 and WT2. Patients typically present with a large, unilateral flank mass that is characteristically not crossing the midline. While some patients may be asymptomatic, others

Understanding Hodgkins Lymphoma

Understanding Hodgkins Lymphoma

Hodgkin's lymphoma (also known as Hodgkin's disease) is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system and originates from B cells, which are important components of our immune system responsible for the memory and development of antibodies. Who Does Hodgkin's Lymphoma Affect? Hodgkin&

Toxic Synovitis vs Septic Arthritis

Toxic Synovitis vs Septic Arthritis

Toxic Synovitis: The Less Serious Culprit Toxic synovitis, also known as transitent synovitis, is a temporary inflammation of the synovium - the soft tissue lining that covers the inside of joint capsules, tendon sheaths, and bursae. This lining is responsible for producing synovial fluid, which helps lubricate our joints for

Common Respiratory Conditions in Children

Common Respiratory Conditions in Children

Bacterial Tracheitis Bacterial infection of the trachea causes inflammation and the formation of thick, purulent secretions that can obstruct the airway. This is considered a severe form of upper airway infection, often following viral croup (parainfluenza virus). The most common pathogens are Staphylococcus aureus (including MRSA), Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus

Pseudotumor Cerebri (Idiopathic intracranial hypertension)

Pseudotumor Cerebri (Idiopathic intracranial hypertension)

Pseudotumor cerebri, also known as idiopathic intracranial hypertension, is a condition characterized by signs of increased intracranial pressure (ICP) without any underlying brain pathology visible on neuroimaging studies. Recognizing the Signs The typical signs of increased intracranial pressure include: * Persistent headaches * Papilledema (swelling of the optic nerve) * Elevated opening pressure

Pediatric Vaccine Schedule

Pediatric Vaccine Schedule

Vaccine Birth 2 mo 4 mo 6 mo 1–1.5 yr (12–18 mo) 4–6 yr 11–12 yr 16–18 yr Hepatitis B (HepB) ✔ ✔ ✔ Rotavirus (RV) ✔ ✔ ✔ Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis (DTaP) ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Pneumococcal conjugate (PCV13) ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Inactivated Poliovirus (IPV) ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Influenza (IIV) ✔ ✔ (annual) ✔ (annual) ✔ (annual) ✔ (annual)

Counterpoints

Cranial Motions

Cranial Motions

Dysfunction Axis Coupling Naming Convention Torsion 1 AP Rotate Opposite Greater wing of the sphenoid Lateral Strain 2 Vertical (Sphenoid and occiput) Rotate Same Translate Opposite Sphenoid translation Vertical Strain 2 Transverse (Sphenoid and occiput) Rotate Same Base of the sphenoid Side-bending/Rotation 2 Vertical (Sphenoid and occiput) 1 AP

Sacral Mechanics

Sacral Mechanics

Inominate Axes * Superior axis * Craniosacral * Respiratory * Middle axis * Postural * Inferior axis * Innominate * Oblique axes * Left/Right - Dynamic motion during ambulation * The side of engagement of the oblique axis always aligns with the weight-bearing leg * The left oblique axis is engaged when your left leg is on the ground (weight-bearing)

Sjögren syndrome

Sjögren syndrome

Sjögren syndrome is typically caused by autoantibodies to the lacrimal and salivary glands. This causes dry eyes (xerophthalmia) and dry mouth (xerostomia). As a result, enlarged parotid and lacrimal glands due to chronic inflammation are present in patients. As a result of the dry mouth, cracked lips, foul breath, and

Coagulation Disorders

Coagulation Disorders

von Willebrand Disease * Decrease in amount/function of von Willebrand protein multimer (vWF) * Deficiency of platelet adhesion * Genetic (Autosomal dominant) or acquired mutation * factor VIII, factor VIII concentrations may be decreased * Increase in PTT - No change in PT * von Willebrand multimer also acts as a serum transport protein * recurrent

The United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) Recommendations

The United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) Recommendations

Learn more about the recommended screening by the USPSTF

Thyroid Diseases

Thyroid Diseases

Hyperthyroidism * Weight loss despite increased appetite * Heat intolerance * Palpitations/tachycardia * Anxiety, tremor, insomnia Multinodular goiter/Toxic multinodular goiter * Hyperthyroidism and multiple palpable nodules Graves disease * most common cause of hyperthyroidism * Presence of thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibodies (anti-TSH receptor) * hyperthyroidism, pretibial myxedema, and thyroid ophthalmopathy * thyroid ophthalmopathy: diplopia, proptosis, and rest

Obstructive and Restrictive Lung Diseases

Obstructive and Restrictive Lung Diseases

Obstructive Normal Emphysema Chronic Bronchitis Asthma FEV1 80%+ ↓ ↓ ↓ FEV1/FVC 70%+ ↓ ↓ ↓ FVC 80%+ -/↓ -/↓ -/↓ DLCO -/↓ - -/↑ Restrictive Normal Intrinsic (Fibrosis) Extrinsic FEV1 80%+ ↓ ↓ FEV1/FVC 70%+ -/↑ -/↑ FVC 80%+ ↓ ↓ DLCO ↓ -

Vitamins

Fat soluble: A,D,E,K Vitamin C * necessary for collagen synthesis, iron absorption, immune function, and conversion of dopamine to norepinephrine. * Deficiency causes * Scurvy: swollen/bleeding gums, bruising and poor wound healing * Petechiae, perifollicular and subperiosteal hemorrhages, and short, fragile, curly hair. B1 (Thiamine) * Deficiency is characterized by Wernicke

Pediatric hyperbilirubinemia

Pediatric hyperbilirubinemia

Direct vs Indirect Direct bilirubin is called direct because it is directly measured through lab tests. Indirect bilirubin is derived by subtracting total bilirubin from direct bilirubin. It is indirectly calculated from direct and total bilirubin. Conjugated (Direct) Dubin-Johnson and Rotor have a defective DooR for the secretion of bilirubin.