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Pediatric

A collection of 19 posts

Dysmenorrhea

Primary Dysmenorrhea is painful menses due to excess prostaglandin production by the endometrium → uterine contractions and ischemia. There is no identifiable pelvic pathology. Typically begins 6–12 months after menarche (after ovulatory cycles start) Clinical Presentation * Crampy lower abdominal pain that starts 1–2 days before menstruation * Peaks on the

Tanner Stages

* Assesses pubertal development based on secondary sexual characteristics * Rated from Stage I (prepubertal) to Stage V (adult maturity) * Focus areas: * Males: genital development and pubic hair * Females: breast development and pubic hair Males * Testicular enlargement is the first sign of puberty in boys (Tanner II) * Stage I: * Prepubertal; no genital

Meckel’s Diverticulum

Meckel’s Diverticulum

Meckel's diverticulum is a true congenital diverticulum of the small intestine that contains all three intestinal wall layers: mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis. This developmental anomaly represents a remnant of the vitelline (omphalomesenteric) duct that failed to obliterate during embryonic development. Pathophysiology The persistent vitelline duct creates an outpouching

Erb’s Palsy & Klumpke’s Palsy

Erb’s Palsy & Klumpke’s Palsy

Learn more about the similarities and differences between Erb’s Palsy (waiters tip) and Klumpke’s Palsy (claw hand)

APGAR

The APGAR score is used to assess a newborn’s clinical status at 1 and 5 minutes after birth. It helps determine whether resuscitation is needed and monitors neonatal adaptation to extrauterine life. Category 0 Points 1 Point 2 Points Appearance (Color) Blue or pale all over Body pink, extremities

Caput Succedaneum vs Cephalohematoma

Caput Succedaneum vs Cephalohematoma

Caput Succedaneum * Edema (fluid accumulation) of the scalp soft tissues above the periosteum. * Cause: * Caused by pressure from the cervix on the presenting part of the fetal scalp during vaginal delivery. * Especially common after prolonged or difficult labor, or premature rupture of membranes. * Key Features: * Soft, boggy swelling on the

Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE) vs. Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease (LCPD)

Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE) vs. Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease (LCPD)

Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE) * Displacement of the femoral head (epiphysis) posteriorly and inferiorly relative to the femoral neck at the growth plate. * Due to mechanical failure * Epidemiology: * Typically affects adolescents (ages 10-16) * Obese or rapidly growing children * More common in boys * Risk Factors: * Obesity * Endocrine disorders (e.g., hypothyroidism,

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)

CAH is a group of autosomal recessive disorders affecting cortisol biosynthesis in the adrenal cortex * Most common: 21-hydroxylase deficiency (→ ~90% of cases) * Gene: CYP21A2 HormoneLevelCortisol↓ACTH ↑ due to lack of negative feedbackAldosterone↓Salt wastingAndrogens↑Virilization Clinical Presentation Presents in neonatal period * Girls: * Ambiguous genitalia (clitoromegaly, labioscrotal fusion) * Boys: * Normal genitalia

Nephotic vs Nephritic disease

Nephotic vs Nephritic disease

Kidney diseases can present in a variety of ways, but two of the most commonly encountered syndromes in clinical practice are nephrotic syndrome and nephritic syndrome. Though they may sound similar, they are distinct entities with different causes, clinical features, and treatment approaches. What Are Nephrotic and Nephritic Syndromes? Nephrotic

Neonatal Jaundice

Neonatal Jaundice

Neonatal jaundice is defined as an increase in bilirubin concentration greater than 5 mg/dL. This condition occurs due to either an increased rate of hemolysis (breakdown of red blood cells) or decreased bilirubin conjugation and excretion by the liver. Physiological vs. Pathological Jaundice Physiological Jaundice Physiological jaundice is considered

Nephroblastoma (Wilms Tumor)

Nephroblastoma (Wilms Tumor)

Nephroblastoma, also known as Wilms tumor, is the most common pediatric renal malignancy. It is primarily caused by mutations in the tumor suppressor gene WT1 and WT2. Patients typically present with a large, unilateral flank mass that is characteristically not crossing the midline. While some patients may be asymptomatic, others

Toxic Synovitis vs Septic Arthritis

Toxic Synovitis vs Septic Arthritis

Toxic Synovitis: The Less Serious Culprit Toxic synovitis, also known as transitent synovitis, is a temporary inflammation of the synovium - the soft tissue lining that covers the inside of joint capsules, tendon sheaths, and bursae. This lining is responsible for producing synovial fluid, which helps lubricate our joints for

Common Respiratory Conditions in Children

Common Respiratory Conditions in Children

Bacterial Tracheitis Bacterial infection of the trachea causes inflammation and the formation of thick, purulent secretions that can obstruct the airway. This is considered a severe form of upper airway infection, often following viral croup (parainfluenza virus). The most common pathogens are Staphylococcus aureus (including MRSA), Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus

Pseudotumor Cerebri (Idiopathic intracranial hypertension)

Pseudotumor Cerebri (Idiopathic intracranial hypertension)

Pseudotumor cerebri, also known as idiopathic intracranial hypertension, is a condition characterized by signs of increased intracranial pressure (ICP) without any underlying brain pathology visible on neuroimaging studies. Recognizing the Signs The typical signs of increased intracranial pressure include: * Persistent headaches * Papilledema (swelling of the optic nerve) * Elevated opening pressure

Pediatric Vaccine Schedule

Pediatric Vaccine Schedule

Vaccine Birth 2 mo 4 mo 6 mo 1–1.5 yr (12–18 mo) 4–6 yr 11–12 yr 16–18 yr Hepatitis B (HepB) ✔ ✔ ✔ Rotavirus (RV) ✔ ✔ ✔ Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis (DTaP) ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Pneumococcal conjugate (PCV13) ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Inactivated Poliovirus (IPV) ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Influenza (IIV) ✔ ✔ (annual) ✔ (annual) ✔ (annual) ✔ (annual)

Pediatric hyperbilirubinemia

Pediatric hyperbilirubinemia

Direct vs Indirect Direct bilirubin is called direct because it is directly measured through lab tests. Indirect bilirubin is derived by subtracting total bilirubin from direct bilirubin. It is indirectly calculated from direct and total bilirubin. Conjugated (Direct) Dubin-Johnson and Rotor have a defective DooR for the secretion of bilirubin.

Pediatric Growth Delay

Pediatric Growth Delay

Familial Short Stature Familial short stature is exactly what it sounds like - short stature that runs in the family. This condition is associated with having one or both parents of shorter stature, specifically: * Mother is 5'1" or shorter * Father is 5'5" or shorter

Infant Feeding

Breast milk meets the full nutritional needs of an infant up to 6 months of age * For strictly breastfed infants, vitamin D supplementation should be encouraged * Cows milk is fortified with Vit D * Does not need vit d supplementation * Iron and fluoride after approximately 4 to 6 months of age

Pediatric Bilious Vomiting

Pediatric Bilious Vomiting

The presence of green or yellow vomit is a crucial diagnostic indicator, signaling that the vomiting originates from beyond the duodenum. Atresias Atresias represent developmental abnormalities where parts of the digestive tract fail to form properly during fetal development. Key diagnostic sign: The inability to pass a feeding tube often