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Prevention strategies

Prevention strategies

Primary prevention Primary prevention strategies aim to prevent the effects of a disease before the disease occurs. * HPV vaccination to prevent cervical cancer. * Lifestyle counseling to reduce risk of diabetes (e.g., promoting exercise and a healthy diet). * Water fluoridation to prevent dental caries. Secondary prevention Secondary prevention strategies aimed

Turner Syndrome

Turner Syndrome

Genotype: XO Phenotype: Female Characteristics * Streak ovaries - No 2nd X chromosome (Menopause before menarche) * Primary amenorrhea * Lack of secondary sex characteristics * Has a uterus * Absent in Mularian agenesis * Disruption of normal rib cartilage and bone development * Short stature * Shield chest * Bicuspid aortic valve -> Increased risk for stenosis/

Ogilvie syndrome vs Paralytic Ileus

Ogilvie syndrome vs Paralytic Ileus

Colonic pseudo-obstruction (Ogilvie syndrome) Colonic pseudo-obstruction, also known as Ogilvie syndrome, presents with signs and symptoms of colonic obstruction despite the absence of any mechanical cause of obstruction. Patients will show no signs of fecal impaction or strictures, other common causes of obstructions. The exact pathophysiology isn't fully

Inflammatory bowel disease

Inflammatory bowel disease

Ulcerative Colitis (UC) Location and Pattern Ulcerative colitis has a very predictable pattern of involvement. It always begins in the rectum and spreads backward (proximally) through the colon in an unbroken, continuous fashion. UC never "skips" areas - if you have inflammation in the sigmoid colon, you'

Management of Preterm Labor

Management of Preterm Labor

Preterm labor is defined as labor that occurs between 20 and 37 weeks of pregnancy, before the baby has reached full term. Identifying High-Risk Situations * Cervical dilation: When the cervix has dilated to 3 cm or more * Shortened cervical length combined with a positive fetal fibronectin test: This combination indicates

DVT -> PE

Risk factors for developing PE from DVT: * Age * Aging is associated with a more "thrombophilic state" * Pt are less likely to move as much Calf tenderness and a positive Homans sign * Homans sign = pain or discomfort in the calf or behind the knee when the foot is dorsiflexed

New Angina Workup

New Angina Workup

Patients with risk factors for coronary artery disease -including type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and a family history of myocardial infarction in a first-degree relative- who develop new symptoms such as angina or exertional dyspnea should be evaluated for obstructive coronary disease. The primary method for this assessment is a

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

Sensitive Tests * ANA antibody Specific tests * Anti-dsDNA * Anti-SmithAntibodies * Anti-Ro/SSA Antibodies * Anti-La/SSB Antibodies Presentation * Photosensitivity * Malar rash - Butterfly rash on face * Discoid rash - A circular, raised, and scaly skin lesion that typically appears on the face, scalp, or other sun-exposed areas * pleuritis - presence of a friction

Pediatric Growth Delay

Pediatric Growth Delay

Familial Short Stature Familial short stature is exactly what it sounds like - short stature that runs in the family. This condition is associated with having one or both parents of shorter stature, specifically: * Mother is 5'1" or shorter * Father is 5'5" or shorter

Infant Feeding

Breast milk meets the full nutritional needs of an infant up to 6 months of age * For strictly breastfed infants, vitamin D supplementation should be encouraged * Cows milk is fortified with Vit D * Does not need vit d supplementation * Iron and fluoride after approximately 4 to 6 months of age

EKG Rhythms

* 1 SMALL square (1mm) = 0.04 sec (40ms) * 5 SMALL squares (5mm) = 1 LARGE square = 0.2 sec Blocks 1st Degree * P and Q prolonged (>0.2ms = one large square) 2nd Degree Type I * P and Q get further and further away until QRS drops then resets Type II

Pediatric Bilious Vomiting

Pediatric Bilious Vomiting

The presence of green or yellow vomit is a crucial diagnostic indicator, signaling that the vomiting originates from beyond the duodenum. Atresias Atresias represent developmental abnormalities where parts of the digestive tract fail to form properly during fetal development. Key diagnostic sign: The inability to pass a feeding tube often

Small vs Chicken Pox

Small vs Chicken Pox

Small pox (Variola) * Vesicular lesions progress through the stages of development together * Tx: Vaccinia - First successful vaccine Chicken pox (Varicella) * vesicular lesions that are in different stages of development and healing

Renovascular HTN

Renovascular HTN

Renovascular hypertension is a form of secondary high blood pressure caused by narrowed renal (kidney) arteries. This condition can affect one kidney (unilateral) or both kidneys (bilateral). On auscultation, you are able to appreciate a bruit. How Kidney Size Changes with Arterial Narrowing When renovascular hypertension is unilateral, you'

Chest tubes

Chest tube placement is indicated when there's an abnormal accumulation of fluid or air in the pleural space that necessitates drainage and is not resolving with conservative management or is causing significant respiratory or hemodynamic compromise. The specific indications vary depending on the nature of the pleural abnormality.

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (TB)

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (TB)

Risk Factors Tuberculosis (TB) risk is significantly elevated in certain populations and circumstances. Key risk factors include: * Housing conditions: Homelessness and crowded living situations, such as prisons * Geographic factors: Immigration from or travel to developing nations * Occupational exposure: Healthcare workers and others in medical settings * Personal contacts: Close interaction with

Neurodegenerative diseases

Neurodegenerative diseases

Alzheimer's Disease: The Memory Thief Alzheimer's disease results from the degeneration of a specific brain region called the nucleus basalis of Meynert. This area is located in the substantia innominata, just in front of the anterior commissure, and is particularly rich in acetylcholine - a crucial

Heat Exhaustion vs Heat Stroke

Heat Exhaustion vs Heat Stroke

Heat Exhaustion: The Warning Sign Heat exhaustion is a milder but still serious form of heat-related illness. It occurs when body temperature rises between 101 and 104 degrees Fahrenheit and can cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and headaches. Think of heat exhaustion as your body's warning

PPV/NPV, Likelihood ratio, Sensitivity/Specificity

PPV/NPV, Likelihood ratio, Sensitivity/Specificity

PPV/NPV * Given a positive test result, what is the probability that the patient actually has the disease? * \(PPV = \frac{\text{true positives (TP)}}{\text{TP} + \text{false positives (FP)}}\) * \(NPV = \frac{\text{true negative (TN)}}{\text{TN} + \text{false negatives(FN)}}\) Positive/negative likelihood ratio * \(\text{Positive likelyhood ratio}

Statistics

Case control * Risk factors * Odds ratio * \(\text{Odds Ratio} = \frac{\text{Odds of cases}}{\text{Odds of controls}}\) * Rare diseases * Start with disease (case) and no disease (control) -> What caused this (exposure)? * "Case-control" = "Cases Come First" (You start with cases, then go backward to

Heart Sounds

Sounds TPAM S1 - Closing of the mitral and tricuspid valves just after the beginning of systole S2 - Low-pitched sound caused by the closing of the aortic (A2) and pulmonic (P2) valves at the beginning of diastole S3- Rapid filling of the ventricles during early diastole, when blood enters

Lung Cancer

Type Location Associations Adenocarcinoma Peripheral Most common Large Cell Carcinoma Peripheral Smoking Giant Cells Small Cell Carcinoma Central Smoking Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome SIADH Cushing Syndrome Squamous Cell Carcinoma Central Smoking PTHrP -> Hypercalcemia Keratin pearls

Development of a Low Cost 3D-printed Nonmydriatic Portable Fundus Camera

Research Featured

Development of a Low Cost 3D-printed Nonmydriatic Portable Fundus Camera

Nathaniel Tak, BS1, Akshay Reddy, BS2, David Felsted, DO3 1. Midwestern University Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Glendale, AZ 2. California University of Science and Medicine School of Medicine, Colton, CA 3. Barnet Dulaney Perkins Eye Center, Flagstaff, AZ Abstract: Early detection of retinal diseases such as diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma,

NM3DPPFC - Does more expensive mean more better?

NM3DPPFC - Does more expensive mean more better?

After making the necessary modifications to adapt the new Volk lens to my design, I was finally able to obtain a clear image with a significantly wider field of view (FOV) on test 54. This represented a major milestone in my imaging setup. This was by far the best retinal

NM3DPPFC – The first picture

NM3DPPFC – The first picture

Despite technically obtaining a fundus image, I was unable to expand the aperture significantly to achieve a wider field of view. I found that the more I expanded the aperture, the more unwanted reflections and glare appeared in the image. This also created a haze that distorted the image quality,